Effective Schooling Practices:
A Research Synthesis
1995 Update

Kathleen Cotton

Table of Contents

Introduction

History

The Effective Schooling Research

How to Use the Synthesis

How to Access the Research

Further Information and Ordering

Acknowledgements


1. Classroom Characteristics and Practices

1.1 Planning and Learning Goals

1.1.1 Preplanned Curriculum
1.1.2 Curriculum Integration

1.2 Classroom Management and Organization

1.2.1 Grouping
1.2.2 Time Use
1.2.3 Routines
1.2.4 Behavior Standards

1.3 Instruction

1.3.1 Orientation to Lessons
1.3.2 Clear and Focused Instruction
1.3.3 Feedback and Reinforcement
1.3.4 Review and Reteaching
1.3.5 Thinking Skills Instruction
1.3.6 Questioning Techniques
1.3.7 Workplace Readiness

1.4 Teacher-Student Interactions

1.4.1 High Expectations
1.4.2 Incentives and Rewards
1.4.3 Positive Personal Interactions

1.5 Equity

1.5.1 High-Needs Students
1.5.2 Fostering Resiliency
1.5.3 Intergroup Harmony

1.6 Assessment

1.6.1 Monitoring Student Progress
1.6.2 Using Alternative Assessments

2. School Characteristics and Practices

2.1 Planning and Learning Goals

2.1.1 Schoolwide Emphasis on Learning
2.1.2 Curriculum Planning
2.1.3 Curriculum Integration
2.1.4 Computer Technology
2.1.5 Workplace Readiness

2.2 School Management and Organization

2.2.1 School-Based Management
2.2.2 Grouping
2.2.3 Time Use
2.2.4 Discipline
2.2.5 Physical Environment

2.3 Leadership and School Improvement

2.3.1 Restructuring
2.3.2 Instructional Leadership
2.3.3 Instructional Improvement
2.3.4 Professional Development/Collegial Learning

2.4 Administrator-Teacher-Student Interactions

2.4.1 High Expectations of Teachers
2.4.2 Staff Incentives and Rewards
2.4.3 High Expectations of Students

2.5 Equity

2.5.1 Instructional Support for High-Needs Students
2.5.2 Learning Opportunities and Outcomes
2.5.3 Intergroup Harmony
2.5.4 Multicultural Education
2.5.5 Language-Minority Students

2.6 Assessment

2.6.1 Monitoring Student Progress
2.6.2 Alternative Assessment

2.7 Special Programs

2.7.1 Dropout Prevention
2.7.2 Substance Abuse Prevention
2.7.3 Collaboration with Community Agencies to Assist Families

2.8 Parent and Community Involvement

2.8.1 Instructional Support
2.8.2 School Governance

3. District Characteristics and Practices

3.1 Leadership and Planning

3.1.1 Expectations
3.1.2 Support for Excellence and Equity

3.2 Curriculum

3.2.1 Curriculum Planning and Development

3.3 District-School Interactions

3.3.1 Delegating Authority to Schools
3.3.2 Support and Monitoring of School Improvement
3.3.3 Recognition and Rewards
3.3.4 Support of Special Programs

3.4 Assessment

3.4.1 Monitoring Student Progress
3.4.2 Support for Alternative Assessment

Bibliography

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Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory - Last Revised : 5/26/95

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