Introduction

High motivation and engagement in learning have consistently been linked to reduced dropout rates and increased levels of student success (Blank, 1997; Dev, 1997; Kushman, 2000; Woods, 1995). Yet, keeping students interested in school and motivating them to succeed are challenges that present themselves year after year to even the most seasoned teachers. In fact, numerous studies have shown that student engagement in school drops considerably as students get older (Anderman & Midgley, 1998). By the time students reach middle school, lack of interest in schoolwork becomes increasingly apparent in more and more students, and by high school, as dropout rates attest, too many students are not sufficiently motivated to succeed in school (Lumsden, 1994).

There are many factors that contribute to students' interest and level of engagement in learning, and teachers have little control over many of those factors (Lumsden, 1994). However, research has shown that teachers can influence student motivation; that certain practices do work to increase time spent on task; and that there are ways to make assigned work more engaging and more effective for students at all levels (Anderman & Midgley, 1998; Dev, 1997; Skinner & Belmont, 1991). By focusing on both in-school activities and homework, this booklet offers some practical strategies for promoting student engagement in learning. When possible, we have included suggestions for both teachers and administrators, describing techniques that can be incorporated at the classroom, school, and district levels. Also included are tips to share with parents, who play the most important role in cultivating students' motivation to learn.